#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class BaseString
{
protected:
    char* p;
    int len;
    int capacity;

public:
    explicit BaseString(int Capacity = 256) // mark Single-argument constructors explicit to avoid unintentional implicit conversions
    {
        cout << "\nBase Constructor 0\n";
        capacity = Capacity;
        p = new char[capacity];
        len = 0;
    }

    explicit BaseString(const char* ptr) //create object from input string
    // mark Single-argument constructors explicit to avoid unintentional implicit conversions
    {
        cout << "\nBase Constructor 1\n";
        len = Length(ptr);
        capacity = len; // allocate needed memory dynamically based on the Length of the input.
        //avoid unnecessary memory allocation.
        p = new char[capacity];
        CopyString(p, ptr, len);
    }

    ~BaseString()
    {
        cout << "\nBase Destructor\n";
        delete[] p;
        len = 0;
    }

    static int Length(const char* str) //static because method is not using object state and don`t need access to class members
    {
        int length = 0;
        while (*str != '\0')
        {
            length++;
            str++;
        }
        return length;
    }

    static void CopyString(char* destination, const char* source, int length) //static because method is not using object state and don`t need access to class members
    {
        while (length--)
        {
            *destination++ = *source++;
        }
        *destination = '\0';
    }

    int Length() const { return len; }
    int Capacity() const { return capacity; }
    char& operator[](int i) { return p[i]; }

    BaseString& operator=(const BaseString& s)
    {
        cout << "\nBase Operator = \n";
        if (this != &s) // self-copy||self-assignment checking.
        {
            char* new_p = new char[s.capacity];
            CopyString(new_p, s.p, s.len);
            delete[] p;
            p = new_p;
            len = s.Length(); // not using len = s.len because len may not be actual. just in case.
            capacity = s.capacity;
        }
        return *this;
    }

    BaseString(const BaseString& s) // copy constructor
    // using const can avoid  unnecessary copying of objects
    {
        cout << "\nBase Copy Constructor\n";
        len = s.Length();
        p = new char[s.capacity];
        capacity = s.capacity;
        CopyString(p, s.p, len);
    }

    virtual void print() const
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
        {
            cout << p[i];
        }
    }

};

class DerivedString : public BaseString
{
public:
    explicit DerivedString(const char* ptr) : BaseString(ptr)// mark Single-argument constructors explicit to avoid unintentional implicit conversions
    {
        cout << "\nDerived Constructor\n";
    }

    explicit DerivedString(int Capacity = 256) : BaseString(Capacity) // mark Single-argument constructors explicit to avoid unintentional implicit conversions
    {
        cout << "\nDerived Constructor 0\n";
    }

    DerivedString& operator=(const DerivedString& s)
    {
        cout << "\nDerived Operator =\n";
        if (this != &s) // self-copy||self-assignment checking.
        {
            BaseString::operator=(s);
        }
        return *this;
    }

    DerivedString(const DerivedString& s) : BaseString(s) // using const can avoid  unnecessary copying of objects
    {
        cout << "\nDerived Copy Constructor\n";
    }

    void print() const override
    {
        cout << "Derived: ";
        BaseString::print();
    }

    int LastIndexOf(const char* substr) const
    {
        int substrLen = BaseString::Length(substr);
        int startPos = len; // Start searching from the end of the string
        while (startPos >= 0)
        {
            int i = 0;
            while (i < substrLen && p[startPos + i] == substr[i])
            {
                i++;
            }
            if (i == substrLen) // If the entire substring matches
            {
                return startPos;
            }
            startPos--; // Move to the previous position
        }
        return -1; // Not found
    }


};

int main() {
    char str[] = "Hello, world!";

    // creating objects of  BaseString and calling functions
    cout << "Creating and manipulating BaseString object:\n";
    BaseString aa(str);
    aa.print();
    cout << "\nLength: " << aa.Length() << endl;
    cout << "Capacity: " << aa.Capacity() << endl;
    cout << "Character at index 1: " << aa[1] << endl;

    // creating objects of  DerivedString and calling functions
    cout << "\nCreating and manipulating DerivedString object:\n";
    DerivedString a(str);
    DerivedString b;
    b = a; // calling operator =
    b.print();
    cout << "\nLength: " << b.Length() << endl;
    cout << "Capacity: " << b.Capacity() << endl;
    cout << "Character at index 2: " << b[2] << endl;

    //LastIndexOf
    const char* substr = "wo";
    int lastIndex = a.LastIndexOf(substr);
    if (lastIndex != -1)
    {
        cout << "Last index of '" << substr << "': " << lastIndex << endl;
    }
    else
    {
        cout << "Substring '" << substr << "' not found." << endl;
    }
    return 0;
}